{"id":762,"date":"2021-07-08T12:30:57","date_gmt":"2021-07-08T10:30:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/?page_id=762"},"modified":"2021-07-27T10:40:23","modified_gmt":"2021-07-27T08:40:23","slug":"historia-okulistyki","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/en\/edukacja\/historia-okulistyki\/","title":{"rendered":"History of ophthalmology"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"762\" class=\"elementor elementor-762\" data-elementor-settings=\"[]\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2342a25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2342a25\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-83f7d24\" data-id=\"83f7d24\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d49ff4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d49ff4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">History of ophthalmology<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ef9759 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-center elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"9ef9759\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/en\">\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-home\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Homepage<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">History of ophthalmology<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-37b4441 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"37b4441\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-731d367\" data-id=\"731d367\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fe1f05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6fe1f05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Articles<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-afef316 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"afef316\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b82cf4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b82cf4c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa753c\" data-id=\"2aa753c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88c43c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88c43c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p><p>1 Grzybowski A., Witczak W., From the lens to the retina. From the history of research on the search for the receptive element of the eye.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Grzybowski_Od-soczewki_Klinika-Oczna-2008.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downloadable<\/a><\/p><p>2 Grzybowski A., Forgotten achievements of Polish retinal research in international ophthalmology.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Grzybowski_Forgotten_Acta-Ophathalmologica-2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downloadable<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e2a26f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3e2a26f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"379\" height=\"112\" src=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/zdjecie-oftalmoskop.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/zdjecie-oftalmoskop.jpg 379w, https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/zdjecie-oftalmoskop-300x89.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 379px) 100vw, 379px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><br> <br>Ga\u0142\u0119zowski's 1862 ophthalmoscope, source: Ga\u0142\u0119zowski K, Trait\u00e9 Iconographique d'Ophtalmoscopie, Paris 1875 (JP Wayenborgh, private collection)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8de4da8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8de4da8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-981092a\" data-id=\"981092a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb0f83f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eb0f83f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Biographies<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e74c67 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4e74c67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-69031f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"69031f3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f52475\" data-id=\"7f52475\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ed5386 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9ed5386\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>1. the Doctor of Esperanto - Ludwik Zamenhof (1859-1917)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/artykul-AG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downloadable<\/a><\/p><p>Ludwik Zamenhof: A Major Contributor to World Culture, on the 150th Anniversary of His Birth\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Grzybowski_Zamenhof_Surv-of-Ophthal-2010.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downloadable<\/a><\/p><p>3. Adam Bednarski (1869-1941) - Professor of ophthalmology in Lviv\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Grzybowski_Adam-Bednarski_Klinika-Oczna-2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downloadable<\/a><\/p><p>4. professor nadzw. dr hab. n. med. Lech Bieganowski (1940-2017) - a meritorious ophthalmologist and an outstanding expert in the history of ophthalmology\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Grzybowski_Bieganowski_Klinika-Oczna-2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downloadable<\/a><\/p><p>5. Zygmunt Kramsztyk (1849-1920) - the most outstanding philosopher of science among Polish ophthalmologists of the 19th and 20th centuries\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Grzybowski_Kramsztyk_Klinika-Oczna-2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downloadable<\/a><\/p><p>6. Stanis\u0142aw Lubicz-Ko\u015bmi\u0144ski (1837-1883): pioneer of paediatric ophthalmology and distinguished historian of medicine\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Grzybowski_Lubicz-Kosminski_AHIFM-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downloadable<\/a><\/p><p>7.Wilhelm Uhthoff (1853-1927) - important co-founder of world neuro-ophthalmology\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/KO_02_2014_GRZYBOWSKI_UHTHOFF.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downloadable<\/a><\/p><p>8. Wiktor Feliks Szokalski, The Father of Ophthalmology in Poland\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Schmidt_Szokalski_Hist-Ophthal-Intern-2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downloadable<\/a><\/p><p>9. Ophthalmologists and ophthalmic diseases of dignitaries of the Russian Empire <a href=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Zimin_Ophthalmologists_Hist-Ophthal-Intern-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downloadable<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87cda43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"87cda43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"500\" height=\"483\" src=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/zdjecie-Galezowski.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/zdjecie-Galezowski.png 500w, https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/zdjecie-Galezowski-300x290.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><br> <br>Ga\u0142\u0119zowski's ophthalmoscope during examination, source: Ga\u0142\u0119zowski K, Trait\u00e9 Iconographique d\u2032Ophtalmoscopie, Paris 1876 (JP Wayenborgh, private collection).<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Strona g\u0142\u00f3wna Artyku\u0142y \u00a0 1. Grzybowski A., Witczak W., Od soczewki do siatk\u00f3wki. Z dziej\u00f3w bada\u0144 nad poszukiwaniem elementu recepcyjnego oka.\u00a0do pobrania 2. Grzybowski A.,\u00a0Forgotten achievements of Polish retinal research in international ophthalmology.\u00a0do pobrania Oftalmoskop Ga\u0142\u0119zowskiego z 1862, \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o: Ga\u0142\u0119zowski K, Trait\u00e9 Iconographique d\u2019Ophtalmoscopie, Pary\u017c 1875 (JP Wayenborgh, zbiory prywatne) Biografie 1. Doktor Esperanto &#8211; [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":269,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_canvas","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/762"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=762"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/762\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1530,"href":"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/762\/revisions\/1530"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/269"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/okulistyka21.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=762"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}